2.1 Use of AI in Manuscript Preparation

Authors may use generative AI and AI-assisted technologies to support manuscript preparation, such as improving language clarity, organizing ideas, identifying literature gaps, summarizing materials, or assisting with readability. However, AI tools must not replace human legal reasoning, critical analysis, interpretation, or scholarly contribution.

Authors remain fully responsible for the accuracy, originality, integrity, legal analysis, citations, arguments, and conclusions of the manuscript. Any AI-assisted output must be critically reviewed, verified, edited, and substantially controlled by the human authors.

2.2 Author Responsibilities

• Review and verify the accuracy, completeness, and neutrality of AI-generated output;
• Check all citations, legal sources, cases, statutes, regulations, and references because AI-generated references may be inaccurate or fabricated;
• Edit and adapt all AI-assisted material so that the manuscript reflects the authors’ original legal analysis and scholarly contribution;
• Ensure that the use of AI tools is disclosed transparently in the manuscript;
• Protect confidentiality, privacy, personal data, unpublished materials, and intellectual property rights when using AI tools.

2.3 AI Declaration

Authors must disclose meaningful use of AI tools in a separate AI Declaration statement at the time of submission. The declaration should identify the AI tool used, the purpose of use, and the extent of human review and editing.

Basic grammar, spelling, punctuation, and formatting checks do not require declaration. However, if AI is used for content generation, data analysis, translation, legal analysis support, figure creation, or research design, it must be disclosed and described in the appropriate section of the manuscript.

2.4 Authorship

AI tools must not be listed as authors or co-authors and must not be cited as authors. Authorship requires human responsibility, including accountability for the accuracy and integrity of the work, approval of the final version, agreement to submission, and the ability to respond to questions about the manuscript.

2.5 Figures, Images, and Artwork

Generative AI or AI-assisted tools must not be used to create, alter, obscure, move, remove, or introduce specific features within figures, images, or artwork submitted to the journal, unless such use forms part of the research method itself. In such cases, authors must describe the tool, model, version, purpose, and method of use in a reproducible manner in the Methods section.

Reviewers must treat all manuscripts, supplementary files, review invitations, and review reports as confidential materials. Reviewers must not upload a submitted manuscript, any part of it, or their review report into generative AI tools, even for the purpose of improving language or readability.

Peer review is a human intellectual responsibility that requires expertise, critical thinking, independent judgment, and ethical accountability. Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies must not be used by reviewers to evaluate the scientific, legal, methodological, or scholarly quality of a manuscript.

Reviewers remain fully responsible for the content of their review reports. They may read the AI Declaration submitted by authors, but they must not rely on AI tools to generate review recommendations or editorial judgments.

Editors must treat submitted manuscripts, reviewer reports, editorial communications, and decision letters as confidential materials. Editors must not upload any confidential journal material to generative AI tools because doing so may violate confidentiality, proprietary rights, data privacy, and publication ethics.

Editorial evaluation requires human judgment and responsibility. AI tools must not be used to evaluate manuscripts, assess legal arguments, judge originality, determine reviewer recommendations, or make editorial decisions.

Editors remain fully responsible for the editorial process, communication with authors, the final decision, and the integrity of the journal’s publication process. If an editor suspects a violation of this policy, the matter should be handled under the journal’s publication ethics procedures.

Jurnal Hukum to-ra may use carefully controlled AI-assisted technologies to support technical and administrative publication workflows. Such use must remain subject to human oversight and must not replace editorial responsibility or final decision-making.

AI-supported tools may be used, under appropriate safeguards, for:

• Identifying potential reviewers based on expertise;
• Matching submissions with journal focus and scope;
• Detecting duplicate submissions;
• Conducting technical checks on submission completeness and formatting;
• Supporting research integrity checks;
• Supporting post-acceptance processes such as copyediting, proof preparation, and consistency checks.

In all cases, human oversight remains central to the publication process, and final editorial decisions must be made by qualified human editors.

This policy is aligned with broader principles of publication ethics and responsible AI use, including transparency, accountability, confidentiality, human oversight, fairness, privacy protection, respect for intellectual property, and the preservation of scholarly integrity.

Any misuse of AI or violation of this policy may be treated as unethical conduct and handled under the journal’s publication ethics procedures.

Depending on the seriousness of the case, the journal may take the following actions:

• Request clarification from the authors, reviewers, or editors involved;
• Return the manuscript for revision or additional disclosure;
• Reject the manuscript;
• Issue a correction or editorial notice after publication;
• Retract a published article when serious misconduct is confirmed;
• Notify relevant institutions or take further editorial action where necessary.

The journal reserves the right to investigate suspected misuse of AI when it may affect originality, confidentiality, integrity, authorship, or the reliability of the scholarly record.

This AI and Generative AI Policy will be reviewed periodically and may be updated when necessary to reflect developments in AI technologies, international standards, legal considerations, and best practices in scholarly publishing. Updated versions will be published on the official website of Jurnal Hukum to-ra.