Authors of Jurnal Hukum to-ra must meet recognized standards of academic authorship. Authorship should be based on substantial intellectual contribution to the research and manuscript preparation.

An author should meet the following criteria:

1. Making significant contributions to the conception or design of the research, or to the acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data;
2. Drafting the manuscript or critically revising it for important intellectual content;
3. Approving the final version of the manuscript before publication;
4. Accepting responsibility for the accuracy, integrity, and ethical validity of the work.

Contributors who do not meet the full criteria for authorship should be acknowledged in the acknowledgment section. The corresponding author is responsible for ensuring that all listed authors have approved the manuscript submission and understand the editorial and publication process.

Any request to add, remove, or rearrange author names must be approved by all authors and submitted with a clear explanation to the editorial team. Authorship changes after publication may result in a correction notice if approved by the editor.

Authors must disclose the meaningful use of artificial intelligence-assisted technologies, including large language models, chatbots, grammar tools, image generators, data analysis tools, or other AI-based applications used in preparing the manuscript.

The disclosure should include:

1. The name of the AI tool used;
2. The reason for using the AI tool;
3. The specific way in which the AI tool was used;
4. A confirmation that the authors reviewed, verified, and edited the AI-assisted output.

If AI was used for language editing, writing assistance, data visualization, image generation, data processing, translation, legal analysis support, or other research-related support, this must be stated in the appropriate section of the manuscript, such as the acknowledgment, method, or declaration section.

Human authors remain fully responsible for all content in the manuscript, including accuracy, citations, originality, interpretation, legal analysis, and compliance with publication ethics.

Jurnal Hukum to-ra only considers manuscripts that are original, unpublished, and not under review by another journal or publication. By submitting a manuscript, authors confirm that the work has not been published elsewhere and is not being considered for publication in another venue.

Plagiarism refers to the use of another person’s words, ideas, data, findings, or arguments without proper acknowledgment. Self-plagiarism refers to the reuse of the author’s own previously published work without proper citation or disclosure. Both are serious violations of publication ethics.

Duplicate or redundant publication occurs when authors submit or publish substantially the same work in more than one journal without appropriate disclosure, citation, or justification. This includes overlapping data, arguments, discussion, conclusions, or findings.

If a manuscript is derived from a conference paper, preprint, institutional report, thesis, or publication in another language, authors must fully disclose the prior version and cite it properly during submission.

All manuscripts submitted to Jurnal Hukum to-ra are reviewed through a double-blind peer-review process. The identities of authors and reviewers are concealed from each other throughout the review process.

The Editor-in-Chief or designated editor conducts an initial screening to assess the manuscript’s relevance to the journal’s focus and scope, originality, format, ethical compliance, and academic quality. Manuscripts that do not meet the journal’s standards may be rejected before external review.

Manuscripts that pass the initial screening are assigned to at least two independent reviewers with relevant expertise. Reviewers are expected to provide fair, objective, constructive, and confidential evaluations.

Authors may submit an appeal if they believe that an editorial decision was made based on a misunderstanding, procedural error, or conflict of interest. Appeals must be submitted in writing to the editorial office with a clear explanation and supporting evidence.

An appeal should include:

1. A detailed explanation of why the decision is disputed;
2. New information or clarification relevant to the manuscript;
3. Evidence of possible technical or procedural error in the review process;
4. Information about any potential conflict of interest involving reviewers or editors.

The Editor-in-Chief may consult additional independent experts when necessary. The final decision on appeals rests with the editorial board.

Authors, reviewers, and editors must disclose any potential conflicts of interest that may influence the objectivity, integrity, or fairness of the publication process. Conflicts may be financial, institutional, academic, personal, political, ideological, or professional.

• Authors must disclose funding sources, institutional relationships, and other interests that may influence the research.
• Reviewers must decline review assignments if they have conflicts that may affect their objectivity.
• Editors must not handle manuscripts where they have conflicts of interest with the authors, institutions, or subject matter.

Undisclosed conflicts of interest discovered after publication may result in correction, editorial notice, or retraction, depending on the severity of the case.

Authors are encouraged to support transparency and reproducibility by providing access to research data, supplementary materials, legal documents, research instruments, or other supporting files where appropriate and legally permissible.

• Authors should cite datasets, court decisions, regulations, or legal materials used in the manuscript where relevant.
• Authors may include a data availability statement explaining whether supporting data can be accessed.
• Data sharing may be restricted when it involves privacy, confidentiality, security, sensitive legal information, or ethical limitations.

When research involves participants, institutions, or confidential legal materials, authors must ensure that data use complies with applicable laws, institutional policies, and ethical standards.

Research involving human participants, interviews, surveys, institutional data, legal cases, vulnerable groups, or sensitive personal information must comply with relevant ethical standards and applicable regulations.

Authors must obtain informed consent where applicable and ensure that personal data, identities, institutional affiliations, and confidential information are protected. Identifying details should not be published unless necessary for scholarly purposes and accompanied by proper consent.

If the research requires ethical approval from an institutional ethics committee, authors must state the approval information in the manuscript. If ethical approval is not required, authors should explain the reason when requested by the editorial team.

Authors certify that the submitted manuscript is their original intellectual work and does not infringe the copyright or intellectual property rights of others. Authors are responsible for obtaining permission to reproduce copyrighted tables, figures, images, data, or lengthy quotations from third parties.

Review reports, editorial communications, and unpublished manuscripts must be treated as confidential materials. Reviewers and editors must not use unpublished information from submitted manuscripts for personal advantage or disclose such information to unauthorized parties.

Any suspected violation of intellectual property, copyright, licensing, plagiarism, or publication ethics should be reported to the Editor-in-Chief or editorial office for further investigation.

If an error is identified in a published article, the journal may issue a correction notice. If serious concerns arise regarding the reliability, integrity, or ethical validity of a published article, the journal may issue an expression of concern while the matter is investigated.

Articles may be retracted when there is clear evidence of unreliable findings, plagiarism, duplicate publication, fabricated or falsified data, unethical research, undisclosed conflicts of interest, or other serious breaches of publication ethics.