Policy Statement. Jurnal Hukum to-ra: Hukum untuk Mengatur dan Melindungi Masyarakat, published by the Faculty of Law, Universitas Kristen Indonesia, is committed to correcting the scholarly record when published research contains serious errors, unreliable conclusions or material ethical concerns. This policy draws upon COPE retraction guidance and principles for transparent editorial notices.

Retraction is considered when published findings or essential scholarly claims are materially unreliable, including cases involving major methodological errors, fabrication or falsification, substantial plagiarism, misleading duplicate publication, serious violations of research ethics, fraudulent peer review or unlawful use of protected research materials. Retraction may result from honest error and does not automatically establish intentional misconduct.

Withdrawal ordinarily refers to ending consideration of an unpublished manuscript. Authors must submit a written request identifying the manuscript, reasons for withdrawal and appropriate co-author agreement. The Editorial Office assesses the request and documents the outcome. A published Version of Record should not be withdrawn merely because an author wishes to replace or remove it.

Corrections are appropriate when errors can be resolved without invalidating the article's main findings. Examples include factual mistakes, inaccurate legal citations, incorrectly identified court decisions, data presentation errors, author metadata errors and omitted declarations. Material corrections should be publicly identifiable and linked to the original article; substantive changes must not be introduced silently.

An Expression of Concern may be published when serious doubts about reliability or ethics remain unresolved while a proportionate inquiry continues. The notice must describe the concern objectively and be reviewed when new evidence becomes available. It is not equivalent to a finding of misconduct or a retraction.

Authors, editors, reviewers, readers or institutions may raise concerns. The Editor-in-Chief or independent authorized editor assesses evidence, seeks appropriate explanations, consults relevant experts or institutions when necessary, and determines the editorial response. Affected authors should normally have an opportunity to respond.

A formal notice should clearly identify its type, the affected article, authors, publication details, DOI or permanent URL, reason for action, issuing authority and notice date. Retraction notices must be linked to the original publication. The article should remain accessible with clear retraction labeling unless exceptional legal, privacy or safety circumstances require restricted access.

Relevant article pages, PDFs, DOI metadata and indexing information should reflect formal amendments wherever supported. Correction and retraction notices should have identifiable links to the original article. Substantive changes to the Version of Record must have an appropriate notice or version history; published articles should not be silently replaced.

Full-text removal may be considered only in exceptional circumstances involving compelling legal requirements, serious privacy breaches, safety risks or other sufficiently justified concerns. Where legally permissible, bibliographic records and a public explanation should be maintained.

All cases must be handled objectively, confidentially and without inappropriate conflicts of interest. An affected party may raise a reasoned procedural concern through the journal's complaint and appeal mechanism. Editorial decisions must protect the scholarly record while respecting due process and applicable legal obligations.

Send requests or concerns to tora.fh@uki.ac.id, identifying the article or manuscript, the issue, available evidence and the requested editorial action. The Editorial Office maintains appropriate confidential records of investigations, correspondence, decisions and public notices.

Ethical Reference: This policy is informed by COPE publication-ethics guidance and NISO RP-45-2024 on communicating retractions, removals and Expressions of Concern. Reference to COPE guidance does not imply COPE membership.

JURNAL HUKUM TO-RA